📘 Class 7 History – Chapter 10
Eighteenth-Century Political Formations
NCERT Notes | Easy Explanation

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📌 Introduction

After the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, several new political powers emerged in India. These regional states were powerful and played an important role in Indian history.

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📌 Decline of the Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire became weak due to:

• Weak rulers after Aurangzeb
• Continuous wars and invasions
• Poor administration
• Financial problems

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📌 Emergence of Regional States

As Mughal power declined, governors and local rulers became independent.

• They controlled revenue and armies
• They ruled in the name of the Mughal emperor
• Later, they declared independence

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📌 The Hyderabad State

Hyderabad was founded by Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah.

• He was a Mughal governor
• He became independent in the Deccan
• He followed efficient administration

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📌 The Awadh State

Awadh was founded by Saadat Khan.

• He improved revenue collection
• He strengthened the army
• Awadh became a prosperous state

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📌 The Bengal State

Bengal was founded by Murshid Quli Khan.

• He was the Diwan of Bengal
• He made Bengal financially strong
• Trade and agriculture flourished

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📌 The Marathas

The Marathas became a powerful force in India.

• They followed a system called Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
• Peshwas became powerful leaders
• They expanded their influence across India

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📌 The Sikhs

The Sikhs organised themselves into groups called misls.

• They controlled Punjab region
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh united them later
• They formed a strong kingdom

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📌 Weakness of Regional States

Though powerful, these states had weaknesses:

• Internal conflicts
• Lack of unity
• Could not resist British power

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📌 Exam Tip:
Remember founders of Hyderabad, Awadh, and Bengal. Write answers in points with headings for better marks.

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